EFL Teaching Advice: Emotions are Contagious

Emotions are contagious. Anyone who has worked as a teacher knows this. Stand in front of a class and present in a disinterested and lifeless manner and the same blasé mood will infect the entire class. Walk into the class with a spring in your step and smile on your face and your students will probably come to life and take notice of what you have to say.

Now, if what you have to say is not presented in a structured and engaging way, then this lack of preparation will probably counteract your attempts to improve the atmosphere in the classroom. But positive emotions can be the difference between a dull, uninteresting class and one that your students will remember.

Assuming that what you present to your class is worthy of their attention, how can you improve your emotional state of mind so that your class picks up on this and becomes more interested in what you are saying?

Faking It Can Work

You can’t fake it, can you? Well, yes, in fact, you can. Just as feigning interest in something can lead to real interest, and outward demonstrations of love can increase your feelings for someone, so too acting enthusiastic and eager can eventually become a genuine habit. Add some modulation and emotion to your voice, engage in some slightly over-the-top body language on occasion, use some humour in the classroom, and even smile once in a while and your students will respond favourably. The positive feedback that you receive will only encourage you to continue in this manner until hopefully it is no longer only a schtick.

At the same time, being able to filter out and deflect certain emotions can be a valuable skill as well. Any kind of presenter or teacher with an acute sense of self-awareness can wither in front of their audience after a particularly cringe-worthy misstep. Subsequently, the sense of embarrassment that an audience has for the person standing in front of them can make for a very unpleasant situation.

When you visibly react to your own mistakes, and worse, let those mistakes then affect your performance for the remainder of the class, your students sense this. Too many situations like that and a certain reputation starts to take hold.

Observing Teachers in the Classroom

During the years that I worked as an English teacher I had the opportunity to observe some teachers in action. Some were very skilled at reading and influencing the emotions of their students. The best teacher I ever witnessed recognized the body language of his students and was able to change the direction of a pre-planned lesson when necessary to account for a collective lackluster response.

Of course, to be able to do this you have to know the material cold and have numerous approaches for teaching the same topic. When one approach doesn’t work in a certain situation, or, for whatever reason, with a particular group of students, you have to be willing to try another. His eclectic teaching methods also helped to keep the emotions of his students riding relatively high. Above all that though, he simply exuded constant confidence and energy. If you watched his students as he was teaching, they were always interested in what he had to say.

On the other hand, I also witnessed some abysmal displays. Actually, it is quite amazing that some of those individuals agreed to let me observe them while they were teaching. Surely they knew that they didn’t quite have what it takes to be good teachers. Or, they had stopped caring to such a degree that the result was the same: uninspired and boring classes that quickly caused students to lose interest.

In the worst case I remember, I knew that the teacher was going through some difficult times outside the classroom. It was like watching someone come unraveled. He would be standing in front of the classroom, and then he would zone out. He would start mumbling and it was almost as if he were no longer there. At the close of the semester, he received some of the worst student evaluations (this was in a university setting) ever, and was not offered another contract.

The underlying requirement for displaying the kind of positive emotions in the classroom that will contribute to a good experience for your students, is interest. Yes, plain old interest in what you are doing. I am amazed at the number of English language instructors who show no interest in what they are doing. It was either never there to begin with, or it wilted away over the years.

So, if this is the case with you, start faking interest in whichever subject you are teaching, and the real thing may just show up in time.

Touch Typing: The Benefits of Typing Fast in the Workplace

I am always amazed at the fact that almost no job interviews, except for ones for secretarial and other administrative positions, include questions about typing speed. Together with those secretarial jobs, countless office jobs still involve sitting at a computer and typing all day, and require a person to work relatively fast.

Yet amazingly, none of the people conducting job interviews for those non-secretarial office jobs deign to ask about how fast you can type, let alone if you can touch type (i.e., use both hands without looking at the keyboard).

This is incredibly strange. It's as if it is somehow crass to ask about such a thing. Yet, if you had two equally skilled candidates with similar experience and education, if one of them was an exceptionally fast typer, and the other wasn't, surely that would be one of those "all other things being equal" factors that could give an advantage to the person who was a fast typer. But it just doesn't happen.

In fact, it would probably be considered odd for someone applying for certain types of jobs to include their typing speed on their résumé, and it would be equally as strange for the organization doing the hiring to ask about it. Which only confirms my belief that people who do the hiring often follow a basic formula and never question how they could make the process better.

The Benefits of Touch Typing

If you don't touch type but have worked in an office environment for years, you have probably convinced yourself that it is a skill you can do just fine without. After all, you are a shining example of someone who gets things done and meets deadlines. You probably type at an impressive speed, having developed your own hybrid of mashing away at the keys with your thick peasant fingers.

Yet, having never touch typed, you cannot fathom what a disservice you are doing yourself by not learning. After making the effort to learn how to touch type, within six months you will type faster than you ever have before. But that is not the biggest benefit! The most important benefit for you is that you will not feel nearly as wiped out after a long day in front of the computer as you did before. The reason is that the act of looking down and up all day is extremely wearing.

While some hybrid mashers have developed an impressive technique, and can occasionally out-speed a slow touch typer, they have to exert an incredible effort to do it. And even those mashers cannot out-speed the slow touch typers in every circumstance. For example, when having to copy something from a hard copy document into a new Word document.

Keyboard mashing chumps who use some kind of hybrid method have convinced themselves that touch typing is some long lost hope they gave up when they didn't take a typing class in high school. By maintaining this mindset, you are depriving yourself of an easily learnable skill that will make you more efficient for how ever many working years you have left.

Learning How To Touch Type

I know, because in one year I went from a keyboard masher to someone who can hit over 60 words a minute (a better measurement is actually characters per minute, of which I usually range from 330 to 400 per minute).

I made the transition after one month: one long grueling month where I devoted every waking free moment to practicing. It was tough, but well worth the benefits that have flowed my way since. Aside from increased speed, and the improved ergonomic and comfort level/sense of well-being after a day in front of the keyboard, there are other benefits as well.

For example, it is simply more professional—you will now be able to blaze away with the best of them. This was one reason that spurred me on to learn in the first place. And, while I mentioned that, except for secretarial and other menial, administrative office jobs, few other office jobs recognize the importance of typing skills, you can mention your speed in interviews as an "all other things being equal" skill that could give you an edge over other candidates.

And how shall you teach yourself to type? Numerous good software programs exist that will help you to get better. I learned using this simple yet effective little free program. Don't get me wrong, you must make the commitment, and it does take a lot of hours, but if you persist, you will get it.

The most difficult part is actually making the transition—moving from the stage where you can type just as fast using the no-look, "touch typing" that you have been practicing, as opposed to the less efficient but more familiar hybrid method that you have been using for countless years. Anyone who has ever learned to play an instrument will know that the muscle memory comes with practice, and when you get it, it's a great feeling!

Good luck!

Writing, Editing, and Don't Take it Personally

Among the numerous lies and clichés that people are fed on a daily basis is this classic nugget, usually offered up in advance of some criticism:

"Don't take it personally."

To which I always respond, "Everything in life is personal." Of course criticism is personal. How could it be otherwise?

"Don't take it personally," is especially prominent in the world of writing and editing.

Learning to Deal with Criticism

Recognizing this line for what it is does not mean that criticism is not important. On the contrary. Accepting criticism with professionalism and using it to improve anything that you have written is absolutely necessary.

Learning to work together with editors and others who have to criticize your work is one of the most crucial intangible skills that can help you in your writing career. But this strange platitude that everyone and his dog sign onto without ever questioning its logic, should be forever banished as a qualifier in the world of professional writers and editors.

Many, if not most, editors are exceptionally skilled and provide the kind of changes and suggestions that help to produce tight, effective writing that has first-reading clarity. A good editor is a true advocate for the reader and only has the goal of working together with the writer to create the best result possible.

As the person who wrote the words that are rightly being slashed and restructured, you need those fresh eyes of the editor. The paragraph, document, or book that you have created has become your baby. You may not see skewed syntax or sentences that can lead the reader "down the garden path."

However, not all editors are created equal. Some people like to engage in a bit of nastiness under the guise of "telling it like it is," and having "no time for niceties." It would be interesting to learn how often those same individuals also invoke the absurd "don't take it personally" line.

This oft-used statement implies that anything you create becomes an entity unto itself and you are only its disconnected, emotionless advocate. But isn't what I am saying really at the heart of the "don't take it personally" line? Isn't it good to distance yourself from what you have written and not let any criticism divert you from the goal of getting the job done? Yes, this notion has some truth to it for sure, but it is so patently obvious that the annoyance factor outstrips its usefulness.

And more than that, "don' take it personally" is not helpful because it intends, either consciously or otherwise, to soften the recipient up and encourage him not to engage in any push-back on the criticism. It's insidious because it instantly frames any resistance from the writer as petty, petulant, and childish.

Simple Standard

The logic behind grammar and consistency changes should be easily demonstrable—though amazingly, not every editor possesses a strong grasp on those concepts—and you won't usually object to such alterations. Style and phrasing are the types of changes that can lead to disputes in the editing process.

A simple standard is that the editor must be able to articulate exactly why any particular change should be made. Simply stating that "I just like it better that way," does not cut it and highlights someone as an amateur.

So just as overuse of clichés in writing is an indication of lack of imagination and weak writing skills, so too the line "don't take it personally," is often a red flag for a lazy or substandard editor. It would be hard to claim that the utterance of that most cringe-worthy of lines is always a sign of laziness, since it is used so widely.

But keep an ear out for it and see how often it comes from someone whose editing abilities are somewhat lacking. And most importantly, don't take the "don't take it personally" line too seriously!

How to Prepare for a Technical Writing Test

Relatively speaking, writing is an easy skill to test. So the number of employers who don't ask to see a portfolio when they are looking for technical writers is quite surprising.

However, a good portion of those employers who take seriously the task of filling a technical writing position do want to see examples of your writing. Because of this, you should always have a varied and up-to-date portfolio ready when you start looking for technical writing jobs. You should have each writing sample available in both hard copy and digital form.

For the hard copy versions, you should make them double sided, and in colour. Ideally, the digital copies should be in PDF.

And, as you look for a job as a technical writer, you should be prepared to do a writing test at some point.

I have encountered two types of writing tests during the technical writer job interview process: the basic test, and the advanced test.

The Basic Technical Writing Test

The basic writing test is usually administered on the premises of the organization with which you are interviewing. The test is given to check your writing ability, how well you conform to the conventions and structure associated with technical writing, and how quickly you can produce results.

The basic test will inevitably ask you to write a set of instructions for a simple task. Some of the most common tasks that show up on the writing test are:

• Making a sandwich
• Making a cup of coffee
• Planting a tree
  

But wait, you might be asking, what do these tasks have to do with technical writing? The choice of a mundane, every day task is to ensure that everyone taking the test knows how to perform it and can write about it to some degree. Again, it's all about demonstrating structure and conventions.

So how should you write the set of instructions? First, ensure that the title that you give the instructions includes a gerund. In other words, if you are writing instructions about how to make a sandwich, entitle it Making a Sandwich, instead of How To Make a Sandwich. Why? Because it is standard in most technical writing to include a gerund in instruction titles.

This is despite the fact that the "how to" designation is a much more common term for people to type into search engines. But the goal here is to show that you are aware of technical writing conventions, not to make the instructions more searchable online.

Writing the Introduction

Second, include a clear purpose statement in the introduction. Something along the lines of "The following instructions will show you how to make a sandwich."

Then, mention who the intended audience is for the instructions. This might seem superfluous, but I would include it to let your potential employer know that you are familiar with intended-audience statements. This statement could be something like "These instructions are intended for those with a basic understanding of using kitchen utensils."

Next, indicate how many tasks are included in the instructions. To see more information on breaking instructions into tasks, see this post. When you state how many tasks there are, format them in a bulleted list. If there is only one task, you do not need to preview it in the introduction—doing so would be redundant.

Next, include a list of what is required to perform the instructions.

Finally, you may want to include a time estimate of how long the instructions should take to perform.

Writing the Steps

After you have written the introduction, begin the instructions with an infinitive clause. For example, To make a sandwich: If you are doing the writing test on a computer, you should bold the infinitive clause. Using bolding and other intra-text highlighting methods indicate further knowledge of good technical writing.

Then proceed with writing the actual instructions.Make sure to adhere to the rule of seven when writing the steps.

Within the instructions, it is probably a good idea to include at least one warning, caution, or note. If you have enough time, you may want to include one of each. I won't go into the details of how to format and write this kind of extra information, but you should make each type stand out in a unique way.

When you have completed the instructions, you may want to include a closing statement. Some kind of feel-good sentence like "If you have followed the above instructions, you now have a completed sandwich." However, be careful not to get too cutesy here. Some technical writers loathe fluff of any kind.

Be absolutely certain to maintain consistent terminology throughout your instructions. For example, if you refer to a slice of bread in the introduction, do not call it a piece of bread in one of the steps.

Because you know that you are likely to come across the basic writing test, prepare a few sets if instructions in advance and commit them to memory. Then, regurgitate the relevant one when you are called upon to create a set of instructions during a writing test, and you will impress with your efficiency and the quality of the final product.

Other Components in the Basic Writing Test

But wait, there could be more to the basic writing test than just a set of instructions! You will probably also be asked to highlight mistakes in a series of sentences, and/or re-write them. I won't go into the details about how to do well on this section—that's really down to whether you have the fundamentals of grammar mastered. However, look for the old chestnuts to show up here—its and it's, there, their and they're, and subject and verb agreement, to name a few.

You may also encounter a section that asks you to demonstrate your creative writing skills. After all, as a technical writer you will be asked to tailor your writing to specific audiences, industries, and types of documents. Writing a white paper or proposal is much different than writing a user manual. Common topics that you might be asked to write about are:

• A recent holiday you took
• A book you read
• A movie you saw
  

I would generally keep this kind of mini-essay as simple as possible. Remember the basic five paragraph college essay? Start with an attention grabbing introduction, and include a thesis sentence and a preview of what is to come. Then, follow with three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. This demonstrates that you are always conscious of structure and also allows you to show-off your writing skills.

The Advanced Technical Writing Test

More advanced writing tests are not uncommon. These may crop up when the position requires more technical knowledge.

One possible version of the advanced test will see you presented with a jumble of specifications for a product or piece of software. The scenario that is being suggested is that an engineer has given you this information and you are expected to format it using language that will be appropriate for the intended audience. In this case, I would essentially adhere to the advice that I have given above regarding the basic test. In other words, format the information into a set of instructions (unless it specifies otherwise on the test). However, there are some important things to keep in mind with the advanced writing test.

First, the convoluted information that you receive will no doubt include a lot of false assumptions about the knowledge level of the end user. Therefore, you must take numerous sentences and paraphrase them in a way that will allow a novice to understand. Try to eliminate as much jargon as possible.

Clear and understandable prose is always the goal with technical writing. Change as many passive voice sentences as possible into active voice (again, don't overdo it here—some sentences are simply more appropriate when written in the passive voice), and make sure that there are not too many overly long sentences larded down with numerous clauses. Of course, you don't want to go overboard with short sentences either. Otherwise, your writing will sound too choppy. A good mix of sentence length is always best.

These are only a few of the writing test possibilities you may encounter during your search for a technical writing job. No doubt there are other variations that appear as well, both depending on the industry and the specific organization to which you are applying. I could easily imagine a test that asks you to quickly learn about a software program with which you are unfamiliar and then write out instructions for a basic task using that software.

When approaching any writing test, you should aim to be as prepared as possible and know what skills you want to demonstrate to potential employers.

Technical Writing: Instructions and the Rule of Seven

When writing a set of instructions, you should try to use no more than seven steps. The reason for this is simple: cognitive fluency. In other words, when people look at a set of instructions and see any more than seven steps, their first impression is: this is going to be difficult.

This may be a reaction that only registers subconsciously, but the result is that the user's attitude towards both the instructions and the product takes a negative turn

You must be saying to yourself, "but what if there really is 10, 14, or even 30 steps?!"

Break Instructions into Different Tasks

Adhering to this rule does not mean that you eliminate steps from your instructions. It simply means that you break down the instructions into separate tasks so that they are easier for the user to digest. The result is that the instructions you write become much more effective.

Here is an example of a set of instructions with 14 steps, followed by revised instructions with two tasks, both of which do not exceed the magic number seven. The topic is not relevant—in fact, I have chosen something that most people are already familiar with.

To make spaghetti:

1. Fill a pot with water.

2. Put the pot on on element on a stove.

3. Turn the element to the highest setting.

4. When the water is boiling, place one serving of dry spaghetti into the pot.

5. Cook the spaghetti for 7–8 minutes.

6. Place a colander in the kitchen sink.

7. Turn off the element.

8. Lift the pot off the element and pour the spaghetti into the colander.

9. Pour spaghetti sauce into the pot.

10. Pour the spaghetti from the colander into the pot containing the sauce.

11. Put the pot back on the stove.

12. Turn the element on to medium.

13. Stir the spaghetti and the sauce for 3 minutes.

14. Use a spoon to place the spaghetti onto a plate.

Revised Instructions

Here are the instructions revised so that they adhere to the rule of seven.

To cook the spaghetti:

1. Fill a pot with water.

2. Put the pot on on element on a stove.

3. Turn the element to the highest setting.

4. When the water is boiling, place one serving of dry spaghetti into the pot.

5. Cook the spaghetti for 7–8 minutes.

6. Place a colander in the kitchen sink.

7. Turn off the element.


To plate the spaghetti:

1. Lift the pot off the element and pour the spaghetti into the colander.

2. Pour spaghetti sauce into the pot.

3. Pour the spaghetti from the colander into the pot containing the sauce.

4. Put the pot back on the stove.

5. Turn the element on to medium.

6. Stir the spaghetti and the sauce for 3 minutes.

7. Use a spoon to place the spaghetti onto a plate.

Does this mean that you absolutely never go beyond seven steps? No, of course not. This is only a guideline (and "the rule of seven" sounds good). Often I will include as many as 10 steps when there is no logical way to break down the instructions into two tasks. When breaking a set of instructions into multiple tasks, one challenge that arises is coming up with a good infinitive clause to introduce the instructions ("To plate the spaghetti" is quite weak).

Do not compromise the quality of your written instructions simply to follow this rule. Remember, writing is not science. But this is definitely a helpful standard to keep in mind.

How to Add Radio Buttons to MS Word 2007 Documents

Radio buttons, or option buttons as Microsoft now refers to them, are used in online questionnaires, and forms that require users to make a selection.

This tutorial demonstrates how to insert radio buttons into a document in Microsoft Word 2007, using a PC with Windows XP or Vista. The tutorial consists of two tasks:

• Adding the Developer tab to the ribbon
• Inserting option buttons into an MS Word document

For the remainder of this tutorial, the term "option button" will be used instead of "radio button."

To add the Developer tab to the ribbon:

1. Open Microsoft Word 2007.

2. In the upper left corner, click the Microsoft Office Button.






3. Click the Word Options button.







4. In the Word Options dialog box that appears, select Popular.

Note: Popular is the default selection.

5. Click the check box next to Show Developer tab in the Ribbon.

Note: you want the check box enabled, i.e., with a check mark.

6. Click OK.






The Developer tab now appears in the Microsoft Windows 2007 ribbon.

To insert option buttons into an MS Word document:

1. Click the Developer tab.





2. In the Controls group, click the Design Mode button.

Note: you want the Design Mode button enabled. When it is enabled, it is highlighted in orange.

3. In the Controls group, click the Legacy Tools button.

Tip: When you click the Legacy Tools button, if you have not already clicked the Design Mode button, the Design Mode button will now be enabled.

4. Under Active X Controls, click Option Button.

Result: An option button now appears in the MS Word document.

5. Hover your cursor inside the option button, right click, and point to OptionButton Object, and click Edit.

Result: the colour of the option button changes, which indicates that you can now edit the text.

6. Use the left arrow backspace key on your keyboard to delete the default text, and change the text to suit your preference.

Tip: if the text you want to add exceeds the default size of the option button text box, click on the black square on the right side of the box so that a double sided arrow appears, and drag to the right.

7. Click outside the option button.

8. Click the Design Mode button so that it is disabled.

The radio button is now active—i.e., you can click it and a dark circle will appear inside, indicating that it is the option that you have selected. Add as many more option boxes as you like, and preface the series of options with a question, statement, or instructions.

The Death of the Radio Button

In the most recent Microsoft Style Guide for Technical Publications, radio buttons are now referred to as option buttons. First, let me clarify exactly what I am referring to. The following circles that appear next to the three answer options after the question are radio buttons:












Everyone has seen radio buttons in online forms. You can only select one option (usually). When you select another option, the previous option that you selected becomes blank, or "pops out."

The name radio button was originally used to describe this type of online form element because the select-one-option-and-the-previously-selected-option-is-deselected behaviour replicated the action of buttons on old car radios.

However, even for people who do remember the enjoyable and oddly pleasing sensation of changing the station by stabbing one of those chunky buttons, the radio button moniker for those circles next to answer options in online forms usually left people shaking their heads.

The problem was further compounded by the large number of people who are too young to remember those old radios.

Also, think of the many parts of the world where cars were few and far between only a few years ago, especially in rural areas. Many people in those countries never would have had a chance to see an old car radio, regardless of their age. Those same places are now experiencing huge technological growth, and will soon have, in real numbers, more computer users than anywhere else.

The funny thing is, many people still have never heard the term radio button to describe internet answer options. The term does not always accompany usage of the radio button/option button in online forms. It is often only used in help files, or other documentation.

In short, the term radio button confused a hell of a lot of people!

Microsoft recognized this confusion, and has now started using the term option buttons.

Now, the question is, do you select, click, choose, or enable an option button? The answer is...it depends! You have probably seen all four words used when reading instructions for filling in an online form. The most important point to remember is, use one word consistently in a document.